Toronto will be shortening hours at the city-run immunization clinics during the summer.
According to Toronto Public Health, the new hours of operation will begin on Monday and will impact all of the six active clinics offering the COVID-19 vaccine. In a notification posted to social media, officials said the changes will meet the needs of Toronto residents throughout the summer.
These are the new hours:
At Metro Hall and Crossroads Plaza the clinics will be open between noon to 6 p.m. Monday to Thursday, and between 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Sunday.
At Cloverdale Mall, Mitchell Field Community Centre and 1940 Eglinton Avenue, the clinics will be open noon to 6 p.m. Tuesday to Friday and 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday.
At Thorncliffe Park Community Hub, the clinic will be open between noon to 6 p.m., as well as between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. both Saturday and Sunday.
All clinics are offering first, second and third doses, as well as fourth doses for select eligible groups.
Residents can book an appointment using the provincial booking portal or call centre.
Students in Grades 7 to 12 can also book appointments at these clinics for school-based vaccinations such as those for Hepatitis B, HPV and Meningococcal diseases.
About 51.7 per cent of all eligible Toronto residents have received three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine.
Foreign travellers arriving in Australia will no longer need to be vaccinated against COVID-19 from Wednesday morning.
It marks the end of significant COVID-based restrictions on travel into Australia, more than two years after the pandemic began.
Currently, anyone arriving in Australia needs to declare their vaccination status before arriving.
While Australian citizens can arrive unvaccinated, most foreign travellers need to seek an exemption on limited grounds.
From 12:01am on Wednesday morning, those requirements will be scrapped altogether opening the international border in full to unvaccinated travellers.
Federal Health Minister Mark Butler said the decision was being made now on medical advice.
"The Chief Medical Officer has advised it is no longer necessary for travellers to declare their vaccine status as part of our management of COVID," he said.
"Unvaccinated Australians, as well as certain groups of visa holders, have been able to travel to Australia for some time.
"We will continue to act on the medical advice as needed."
Relatively few requests were being made from unvaccinated travellers looking to enter Australia.
In May, just over 1,000 applications were receivedand only 158 were approved largely on compassionate grounds.
Incoming arrivals still need to comply with other COVID-19 restrictions, like wearing masks on flights bound for Australia.
All international arrivals into Australia have been required to fill out a Digital Passenger Declaration, which records their vaccination status.
The DPDs were rolled out earlier this year, but with this decision, they will no longer be used.
It is expected the DPD system will eventually take the place of the paper international arrival cards, currently filled out by anyone landing in Australia.
Home Affairs Minister Clare O'Neill said this decision wouldallow the technology to be worked on before that change was made.
"I know anyone who has travelled internationally since the borders have opened will find this as one less thing to worry about especially as more Australians get back to travelling overseas," she said.
"We've also listened to feedback about the DPD.
"While in time it will replace the paper-based incoming passenger card, it needs a lot more work to make it user friendly"
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The vaccine deployment in December 2020 signaled a turning point in the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of May 2021, 40% of the U.S. population was fully vaccinated. But as vaccination rates lagged over the summer, new surges of COVID-19 came, including Delta in the summer of 2021, and now the Omicron variant, which comprises the majority of cases in the U.S.
The United States as of Apr. 15 reached 988,342 COVID-19-related deaths and nearly 80.5 million COVID-19 cases, according to Johns Hopkins University. Currently, 65.9% of the population is fully vaccinated, and 45.3% of vaccinated people have received booster doses.
Stacker compiled a list of the counties with highest COVID-19 vaccination rates in Utah using data from the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services and Covid Act Now. Counties are ranked by the highest vaccination rate as of Apr. 14, 2022. Due to inconsistencies in reporting, some counties do not have vaccination data available. Keep reading to see whether your county ranks among the highest COVID-19 vaccination rates in your state.
Corona Virus
The novel corona virus is a virus which gave birth to a deadly disease named COVID-19, which emerged in Chinas Wuhan city in December 2019. This virus became breaking news all over the world due to its unprecedented speed of transmission. This virus has spread to 187 countries across the globe including USA, UK, France, Spain, Italy, India and so on. Corona virus is a virus which infects respiratory system and it causes infection in nose, throat and lungs. The symptoms of corona virus are fever, sore throat, shortness of breath etc. Symptoms of this virus can show up in as few as 2 days or as many as 14 days.
Corona virus spreads when one come into contact with COVID-19 infected person because it transmits through droplets produced while coughing or sneezing by infected person. For prevention and protection from this virus one must practice following measures: Social Distancing-Maintain safe distance from a person who having symptoms like coughing and sneezing, Stay Home- Avoid going outside until its very urgent, Wear Mask- Cover your mouth and Nose, Hand Wash- Clean your hands often, Health Checkup- if you have corona virus symptoms then go for a medical checkup. To enforce social distancing amongst the societies and to avoid further spread of COVID-19 the governments of many countries across the world took decision of lockdown. In addition to lockdown some countries such as India impose curfew for total movement control. Lockdown somewhat proved to be useful to curve the graph of COVID-19.
On the other hand scientists and medical experts are still engaged in search of vaccine for Corona virus but till date mankind is not blessed with the vaccine. In conclusion social distancing and practice of preventive measures are the keys to fight this deadly virus.
Cuban state media recently announced the debut of a Chinese coronavirus vaccine candidate developed jointly with Chinas government, the independent Cuban news site 14 y Medioreported over the weekend.
As a result of the collaboration in the biotechnological sector between China and Cuba, the first patent for the Pan-Corona vaccine was recently presented at the National Intellectual Property Office of China, Eduardo Martnez Daz, the president of the state-run BioCubaFarma Business Group, wrote in a Twitter statement June 1.
These joint investigations have the purpose of achieving effective vaccines against coronaviruses, and would not only have value in the current pandemic, but could also be effective against the appearance of new pathogens belonging to this family of viruses, he noted.
Granma, which is the official newspaper of the Cuban Communist Partys Central Committee,reportedon the development of Pan-Corona on June 2.
The vaccine candidates research and development center is located in southern Chinas Yongzhou city. The headquarters has been jointly operated since 2019 by staff from two Cuban state-run health facilities: the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) and BioCubaFarma.
Chinas government requested Cubas collaboration to develop Pan-Corona, CIGB Director Dr. Gerardo Guilln Nieto said in recent days. Although the vaccine candidate has yet to receive approval from the World Health Organization (W.H.O.), Cubas Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment has already approved Pan-Corona for domestic use, according to Nieto.
Pan-Corona is a recombinant-type antigen, which is the vaccine development platform in which the CIGB has the most experience, with successful antecedents such as that of hepatitis B, in addition to two of the Cuban vaccines [candidates] against covid-19 [Chinese coronavirus], according to Granma.
The initiative focuses on coronaviruses, not only due to the global crisis caused by SARS-COV-2, but also taking into account that this family of viruses is one of the most likely to jump from animals to humans (a phenomenon called zoonosis), with antecedents such as mers in the Middle East or SARS-COV-1 [sic], the state-run newspaper noted.
SARS-CoV-2 is the type of coronavirus that causes the disease known as COVID-19, alternatively known as the Chinese coronavirus.
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) announced SARS-CoV-2, which stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, as the name of the virus on February 11, 2020.
This name was chosen because the virus is genetically related to the coronavirus responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003. While related, the two viruses are different, the W.H.O. notes on its website.
To schedule yourCOVID-19 vaccine appointment, please start by answering a few questions through the form below.
Please note: For infants and children through age 17 years, a parent or guardian must be present during the appointment or available by phone.
Online will be the fastest and most up-to-date way to schedule, but if you are having difficulties please call (608) 720-5055. We recommend accessing the online scheduling form from a computer instead of a mobile device in order to ensure the best usability experience.
Nipunie Rajapakse, M.D., Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic: The delta variant is concerning because it is spread much more easily than prior versions of COVID-19 that we have seen. This means that more people are getting sick. That means more people are getting hospitalized and dying from the infection as well.
The delta variant is concerning because it's more highly transmissible, but the good news is that the COVID-19 vaccine is still highly protective against getting infected or ending up in a hospital or dying from the infection.
Breakthrough infection is a rare event where someone who is fully vaccinated still ends up getting infected with COVID-19. The good news is that these breakthrough infections generally had been asymptomatic or only led to mild illness, and the vaccine remains highly protective against winding up in a hospital or dying from the infection.
The mutations that have caused the delta variant do seem a bit more likely to break through our vaccine immunity as compared to the original types of COVID-19. If you are one of those very rare breakthrough cases that we've been hearing about who still gets infected despite being vaccinated, I want to emphasize those cases are getting a lot of headlines, but they're very rare events and they are not what is driving the current surge in cases that we're seeing. The current surge is really amongst unvaccinated people, predominantly your and middle aged.
If a vaccinated person, gets infected with COVID-19, it is possible for them to transmit it to others. Thankfully, the vaccine significantly reduce your risk of getting infected, which then reduces your risk of passing it on, but yes, it is possible and there are still studies being done to understand exactly how that risk compares with people who are unvaccinated.
Knowing that in rare cases a vaccinated person can transmit COVID-19 to someone else is one of the primary reasons behind the recommendation that vaccinated people now continue to wear a mask if they are indoors in areas where we are seeing a lot of virus circulation. Guidance on masking has changed with the delta variant for a number of reasons. One is that the variant is highly transmissible. It's spread much more easily than prior types of COVID-19 that we have seen and so a layered strategy for prevention becomes even more important so using masks along with vaccination will be more protective than using either alone.
So with the delta variant, we are seeing increased number of cases amongst children. The American Academy of Pediatrics has reported a significant increase in COVID-19 cases amongst people under 18 years of age. So children who are eligible to be vaccinated, which is anyone over 12 years of age, should get vaccinated before returning to school in the fall. It is the single most effective meassure that we will have.
So the best way we can protect kids who can't be vaccinated themselves is to make sure that everyone around them is vaccinated. That means anyone over 12 years of age should go out and get their vaccine, especially before return to school in the fall. Other strategies like wearing a mask when you are out in public, excellent handwashing continues to be incredibly important both for the prevention of COVID-19 and spread of other infections that we're seeing rise in the communities as well these days.
As of right now, there are three vaccines that are approved for use in the United States. Children over 12 years of age are approved for one of the vaccines which is the Pfizer vaccine. So as we've seen, the older part of our population get vaccinated and drive protection from COVID-19, we are seeing that children and young adults are making up a larger proportion of new cases of COVID-19. This is for a variety of reasons. We don't yet have a vaccine that is approved for children under 12 years of age so they are still very vulnerable to getting infected. We also know that vaccine uptake amongst young adults has not been as high as we had hoped, so there is still a large proportion of that population that is still susceptible to getting infected.
If you have not yet been vaccinated, we recommend that you get vaccinated. It is the best thing we have to offer for protection at this point in time.
Print a poster version of this comic to hang up on your fridge or give away to friends. Download the poster here. Malaka Gharib/ NPR hide caption
Print a poster version of this comic to hang up on your fridge or give away to friends. Download the poster here.
Outdoor events are way less risky than indoor events when it comes to COVID. They are still, by far, the safest way to gather as the country continues to see high levels of cases and rising hospitalizations.
But "way less risky" is not "zero risk." There's still a chance of catching COVID even at an outdoor event especially as the virus continues evolving to become more transmissible and to break through prior immunity from vaccination or earlier cases.
"With the more transmissible variants, it's likely that shorter periods of close contact will result in transmission," says Dr. Preeti Malani, an infectious diseases physician and a professor of medicine at the University of Michigan.
That means activities that once seemed pretty safe are potentially riskier and that includes outdoor activities.
As Maimuna Majumder, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School and a computational epidemiologist at Boston Children's Hospital, puts it, "the more transmissible a variant is indoors, the more transmissible it is in outdoor settings, too."
So additional precautions during a surge like the one the U.S. is currently seeing may be in order particularly if you are vulnerable or are in frequent contact with someone who is, say the experts interviewed for this story.
"People are going to make judgments based on [their] own level of risk and comfort," says Donald Milton, a professor of environmental and occupational health at the University of Maryland School of Public Health.
But, Majumder says, "that transmissibility can be drastically reduced by ensuring that an outdoor event doesn't get too crowded." That means having plenty of room for guests to move around and making sure they are vaccinated, recently tested and symptom-free is also a very good idea, she says.
With the July 4 weekend upon us and wedding season in full swing, experts answered frequently asked questions about staying safe while gathering outdoors with family and friends.
When should guests get tested?
Majumder helped her friend plan a wedding with about 100 attendees, and they have not heard of any resulting cases of COVID.
First, they made sure everything was outdoors, including events that happen around the wedding rehearsal dinners, happy hours and so on.
They reminded everyone to be up-to-date on vaccinations and boosters, which can help prevent transmission of the virus.
They also asked guests to stay home if they were feeling any symptoms.
And everyone agreed to take a rapid test right before the event.
Majumder has thrown other events and parties with similar guidelines, and so far, she's not heard of anyone getting sick.
And for those who still think that you aren't contagious if you're not showing symptoms, a required pre-event test could surprise you.
"There have been multiple instances where folks without symptoms have tested positive, so they've stayed home," says Majumder, who asks everyone to get rapid tested within an hour of her events. She also keeps rapid tests on hand in case someone isn't able to test before they arrive.
Getting tested right before the event is key. Rapid tests are pretty good at telling someone whether they are positive and very contagious at that moment. But their status can change within hours, so if you take a rapid test in the morning, you could be contagious by night.
Rapid tests aren't always foolproof sometimes you have a false negative but they can be a very helpful layer of protection in addition to other precautions.
There have also been times when people felt a bit off and stayed home from one of Majumder's events, only to test positive a day or two later which meant they would have been contagious during the party.
And in addition to monitoring symptoms, Malani says, "if you add testing and vaccination to a low risk outdoor setting, the risk of COVID becomes manageable."
Do the old rules of staying safe still apply once the event gets going?
Keeping a distance still helps enormously. Whether you're having a wedding or BBQ, that might mean putting families together at the same table, rather than mixing them in with other guests, and spacing each table a few feet apart.
The "15-minute rule" was developed for contact tracers to reach out to people who may have been exposed to COVID. If you're in close contact with someone for more than 15 minutes, you're likelier to get sick. But it is also possible to catch the virus in passing, especially indoors.
Australian authorities reported a case last summer where someone got sick after walking by an infected person for a few seconds at a shopping mall, according to video footage.
Whether you get sick all depends on several factors: how much virus a person is emitting, what your immunity level is from vaccination or prior infection and, importantly, how much fresh air is between you.
Where do masks fit in?
When it comes to COVID, the outdoors are great for two main reasons: there's plenty of fresh air outside, and you have more space to keep a distance, Milton says.
But if you're not able to keep a distance in a crowd at a concert, sporting event or protest, for instance masking up greatly reduces the risks of getting sick.
That's especially true if people are shouting and yelling, if you're near them for a long period of time and if you don't know their vaccination, test and symptom status.
"If you're close together, you're likely to share air with other people," says Milton.
Two of his colleagues believe they caught COVID outdoors early in the pandemic one at an outside brunch, and one who was waiting in line to pick up groceries in spring 2020.
"There's always been a risk outdoors," Milton says. "It's much lower [than indoors], but it's not nothing."
The closer you are physically to someone, the higher the risk. If you're close enough, say, to smell on their breath what they chose for dinner, you're close enough to inhale the viral particles on their breath.
There is also the off-chance of air blowing the wrong way.
Just like plumes of smoke, virus-laden exhalations can "travel the distance outdoors," Milton says. That means it's possible to get infected even if you're not right next to someone.
But the chances of getting COVID at a distance outdoors are significantly lower than pretty much any other form of interaction, such as talking closer together or meeting indoors.
"I think the most important thing to remember about the outdoors is that while it's safer, it's not 100% safe," Majumder says. "The more crowded an outdoor space is, the more it begins to mimic an indoor space in terms of our exposure to shared air."
But, she says, "I don't think masks are necessary while outdoors as long as the event isn't too crowded, everyone tested negative, no one is experiencing symptoms and everyone is up-to-date on their vaccinations."
What if we need to go inside during an outdoor event?
Even if your event is outside, people may need to go indoors briefly to use the bathroom or wash their hands "something I think many folks forget when planning an event," Majumder says.
Guests should wear a high-quality mask, like an N95 or KF94, anytime they need to dash inside. Hosts can keep masks "stocked and accessible" for any of these indoor forays, Majumder says.
"Masks remain very important and very effective," Malani says. Especially if you or a member of your household is high risk, "keep masks handy not so much for outdoor use, but when you go in and out."
(You can also improve ventilation and filtration indoors by opening doors and windows and running air purifiers in bathrooms or hallways.)
Outdoor tents that don't have side flaps enclosing the space can help protect from the sun or rain while allowing air to pass through. But "if the tent is enclosed, it's not that different than being indoors," Milton says.
And "sometimes, social gatherings end up moving indoors," Malani points out, because of bad weather, high or low temperatures, or annoying mosquitoes and "that's when transmission risk can go from low to high."
Should I invite people from out of town?
The nature of a big event with lots of out-of-town guests is a recipe for transmission when cases are high. Guests are likely to fly in, stay in hotels that may not have good ventilation, eat inside restaurants and meet up with family and friends. Even if the event that you're hosting is itself low-risk, these other activities may not be.
And "the larger the group, the higher the risk," Malani says, because there are more chances of someone having the virus and passing it on.
"Prevention means using a layered approach," she says. Try to take as many precautions as possible distancing, staying home if you're sick, testing and masks when needed.
When those measures are taken, she says, "being outdoors is a wonderful way to spend time together."
Melody Schreiber (@m_scribe) is a journalist and the editor of What We Didn't Expect: Personal Stories About Premature Birth.
LONDON -- The number of new coronavirus cases across Britain has surged by more than 30% in the last week, new data showed Friday, with cases largely driven by the super infectious omicron variants.
Data released by Britain's Office for National Statistics showed that more than 3 million people in the U.K. had COVID-19 last week, although there has not been an equivalent spike in hospitalizations. The number of COVID-19 deaths also fell slightly in the last week.
COVID-19 has not gone away, said Dr. Mary Ramsay, of the Health Security Agency. It is also sensible to wear a face covering in crowded, enclosed spaces, she said. Britain dropped nearly all its coronavirus measures, including mask-wearing and social distancing months ago and masks are rarely seen on public transport.
The latest jump in coronavirus cases comes after an earlier increase of about 40% last month, following the large street parties, concerts and festivities held to mark the platinum jubilee celebrations marking 70 years of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.
British officials said the latest wave of COVID-19 infections were likely caused by omicron subvariants BA.4. and BA.5. Omicron has tended to cause a milder disease than previous variants like alpha or delta, but scientists warn its ability to evade the immune system means that people may be more susceptible to being reinfected, including after vaccination.
The constant bombardment of waves we are seeing does cause clinical impact that is not to be underestimated, said Dr. Stephen Griffin, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Leeds, explaining that any infection can lead to long COVID.
Despite widespread immunization across Britain, the protection from vaccines is likely fading and omicron and its subvariants have evolved to become more infectious. Britain's Health Security Agency said they were seeing more outbreaks in care homes for older people and a rise in admissions to intensive care units of people over 65.
Dr. Jonathan Van-Tam, a former deputy chief medical officer for the U.K., told the BBC that COVID-19 is now much, much, much closer to seasonal flu than when it first emerged. Still, he said experts should be vigilant for any signs the virus was causing more severe illness.
Germany's Robert Koch Institute also reported a similar rise in the coronavirus, with cases increasing especially among older people, children and teenagers. France has seen a jump in the COVID-19 hospitalization rate and officials recently recommended that people begin wearing masks again on public transport.
Globally, the World Health Organization said this week that COVID-19 is increasing in more than 100 countries worldwide. The U.N. health agency warned that relaxed testing and surveillance measures mean it may be more difficult to catch emerging variants before they spread more widely.
Follow APs coverage of the pandemic at https://apnews.com/hub/coronavirus-pandemic
Elmo receives COVID-19 vaccine in PSA with Sesame Street, CDC
3 year-old Elmo got a COVID-19 vaccine but some aren't happy with the message it sends. Senator Ted Cruz criticized it for "aggressively" advocating.
Cody Godwin, USA TODAY
As crowds gather for events duringanother holiday weekend, Austin-area publichealth leaderswarn that thethreat of COVID-19could increase if you'reheading out to socialize in the city.
Increasing numbers of hospital admissionsappear to show the Austin area possibly in the foothills of a new surge in coronavirus cases.Austin Public Health this week released updated precautions against the coronavirus for residents at high risk of having severe symptoms,being hospitalizedor dying.
Dr. Desmar Walkes, Austin-Travis County health authority,encouraged those at high risk primarily the most medically vulnerable among us, oftenwith chronic health problems or who are frequently around high-risk people, to wear masks while indoors with others this weekend.
Walkes also continued to raise awareness of monkeypox,a rare infection circulating across the nation. The national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention this week confirmed Travis Countys first monkeypox case, aresident who isisolatingat home. Austin Public Health is also investigating five other probablecases.
More: Plan to light fireworks in Austin area on July 4? Here's how to do it safely, legally
Monkeypox can be spread through close skin contact, like hugging, kissing or talking closely. It can also spread through suchshared fabrics as clothing, sheets and towels, or even items like children's toys, according to Walkes.
Symptoms of monkeypox include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, chills and, more noticeably, a rash that looks like pimples or blisters on the face, inside the mouth and other parts of the body.
Public health leaders are concerned about the few hundredconfirmed monkeypox cases across the country, but they said theomicron variant of the coronavirus is a much bigger threat. This is because one person infected with theomicron variant is estimated to infect between five and 24 people, while someone with monkeypox would likely infect one person or no one at all.
So for thethird Fourth of July in a row, Austin Public Health is focusedon limiting coronavirus spread. Gatherings last year led to faster spread of the highly contagious delta variant. That strain of the virus caused a then-record-setting surge in cases over the rest of the summer.
"Were seeing concerning trends with our disease indicators, which is especially worrisome as we head into a holiday weekend," Walkes said Tuesday.Test now, get up to date with your vaccines, and try to celebrate this weekend outdoors. Taking these steps will help protect loved ones and our hospital systems.
More: Parade kicks off July 4 celebrations in Round Rock
Because of at-home coronavirus testing, the number of current COVID-19cases recorded by Austin Public Health isfar fewer than the actual number in the community. Instead, a more accurate account of virus spread would be found by looking at hospitalization data.
Unlike the delta variant, the omicron variant has this year caused milder symptoms than those shown in 2021. However, many hospitalization records were still brokenin late winter and early spring because of omicron.
As of Friday, a total of 118 people were in the hospital in the Austin metro area with COVID-19. At the start of June, only 44 people with COVID-19 were hospitalized.
The rolling seven-day average of new daily hospital admissions for the coronavirus, used historically during the pandemic to help gauge the level of disease spread in the community, was 25on Friday. That is an increase from 9.9 onJune 1.
Walkes said the new omicron subvariants, BA.4 and BA.5, are overtaking the original strain, with the current virus spread now causing reinfections that are more likely to cause lung problems in at-risk people. Those lung issues could lead to more hospitalizations and increase the need to be hospitalized in intensive care units.
More: After a week reprieve, Travis County back up to medium level on COVID-19 spread
The CDC uses key statistics to determine whether the risk of COVID-19 spread islow, medium orhigh.
One of those key statistics is the seven-day transmission rate, which is the number of cases per 100,000 people. Anything above 100 cases per 100,000 people puts our area in the medium level. On Friday, the average for Travis Countywas 276, up from 206 last week, Austin Public Health data show.
Travis County, along with every other county in the metro area Williamson, Hays, Bastrop and Caldwell arecurrently in the medium level of community spread for COVID-19.
Austin Public Health, hoping to avoid another surge this summer,is now offering coronavirus vaccinations for everyone, including those as young as 6 months old, at Old Sims Elementary,1203 Springdale Road. The vaccine site is open 2-7 p.m. on Wednesdays and Thursdays and from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Saturdays.
The clinic will be closed on Saturday because of the holiday weekend, according to Austin Public Health.
We have highly-trained staff at our testing and vaccine sites that are here to help make sure you have a safe weekend with family and friends, APH Director Adrienne Sturrup said. We encourage families, especially those with young children, to come to our Old Sims clinic to start getting up to date with COVID-19 vaccines.
