CLAIM
A review has found that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could aid cancer development
DETAILS
Misrepresents source: The claim originates from the conclusion of a literature review based on a study by Sittplangkoon and colleagues. However, this review didnt accurately represent the studys findings. Contrary to the claim, the study didnt show that modified mRNA like those used in COVID-19 vaccines enhanced cancer development. Inadequate support: The claim suggested that new results established a link between COVID-19 vaccines and cancer development. However, the scientific publication used to support that claim is a literature review. This form of publication summarizes existing knowledge but doesn't provide any new results.
KEY TAKE AWAY
The mRNA COVID-19 vaccines contain RNAs with chemical modifications that increase their stability and improve their ability to induce a potent immune response. Some results suggest that such chemical modifications make mRNA-based anti-cancer vaccines less effective. However, it doesnt mean that COVID-19 vaccines increase the risk of cancer. Theres no evidence that COVID-19 vaccination increases the risk of cancer.
However, the organization Americas Frontline Doctors, known for spreading COVID-19 disinformation, continues to push this narrative. More recently, it claimed that an April 2024 scientific publication by Rubio-Casillas et al. found that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could aid cancer development[1].
The website The HighWire, which has previously published false claims about COVID-19 and vaccines, also wrote that the scientific paper showed that mRNA vaccines could aid cancer development. The HighWire cited Peter McCullough, a cardiologist known for spreading misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. McCullough said that not only could the COVID-19 mRNA jabs aid cancer development, but they could actually cause and worsen cancer, not make it better.
However, this claim is unsubstantiated. The scientific publication presented as evidence for this claim doesnt contain new results that support the claim and it misinterprets results from another study.
To begin with, this paper by Rubio-Casillas et al. isnt a study. It doesnt contain new experimental or clinical results. Instead, the authors conducted a review of already-existing literature.
This is a crucial difference between studies and literature reviews. A study formulates a hypothesis and tests it by conducting experiments, data analysis, and trials, thereby producing new knowledge.
By contrast, a literature review summarizes what is already known and provides a critical analysis of results and competing hypotheses. This can lead to formulating new hypotheses and identifying new avenues of research, but it doesnt in itself demonstrate anything new. New hypotheses that may arise still would need to be confirmed experimentally and clinically. Thus, the claim that this paper has found a link between COVID-19 vaccines and cancer isnt correct, because it didnt test that hypothesis with experiments and clinical trials.
The main claim of Rubio-Casillas et al. was that the mRNA used in COVID-19 mRNA vaccines contained chemical modifications that allegedly stimulated cancer growth and metastasis, thus suggesting that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could aid cancer development.
This refers to modified nucleotidesthe building blocks of RNAs and DNAsused in the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. More specifically, instead of the nucleotide uridine, the vaccine mRNA contains N1-methyl-pseudouridine.
Unmodified RNAsusing normal uridinetrigger an inflammatory response and are rapidly degraded upon entering a cell. By contrast, modified RNAs using N1-methyl-pseudouridine are able to evade the cells RNA detection system and dont trigger inflammation[2]. Vaccines using modified RNA are able to induce greater antigen production, are better tolerated due to a lower inflammation, and induce a stronger immune memory[2]. It was the discovery of modified RNAs immunomodulating potential that won Katalin Karik and Drew Weissman the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023.
Rubio-Casillas et al. heavily relied on a study by Sittplangkoon et al. to support their claim that N1-methyl-pseudouridine, although useful for vaccine effectiveness, could also favor the development of cancer[3]. Indeed, Sittplangkoon et al. is the only study cited in the review that directly investigates the effect of uridine modifications in cancer immunity.
Furthermore, Rubio-Casillas et al. claimed in their abstract that evidence is provided[] suggesting that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could aid cancer development. This sentence refers to the work by Sittplangkoon et al. and has been repeated in several versions of the claim.
However, this is an incorrect interpretation of this study, as we explain below.
Its important to clarify that Sittplangkoon et al. didnt investigate whether COVID-19 vaccines enhance cancer development. In fact, their work focused on anti-cancer vaccines, that is, a vaccine boosting immunity against a specific cancer, the same way that COVID-19 vaccines boosts immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
To do this, the researchers injected mice with melanoma cells (melanoma is a type of skin cancer) producing the protein ovalbumin (a protein abundant in egg whites). At the same time, they immunized the mice with a vaccine containing mRNA containing the genetic information to produce that ovalbumin protein. The objective was to train the mices immune systems to recognize and destroy ovalbumin-carrying melanoma tumors, just like the COVID-19 vaccine trains the immune system to recognize and destroy the spike-carrying SARS-CoV-2.
From the start, we can see that Sittplangkoon and colleagues were addressing a completely different scientific question from the one that Rubio-Casillas et al. tried to address. Rubio-Casillas et al. debated whether COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, which contain mRNA for the spike protein to build immunity against a virus, could inadvertently impair our immune defense against naturally-occurring cancers. By contrast, Sittplangkoon et al. asked whether modified and unmodified RNAs could be used in a vaccine targeting a specific, artificially-induced cancer.
Sittplangkoon et al. found that the anti-cancer vaccines that used unmodified RNAs efficiently boosted immunity against the melanoma. By contrast, the vaccines using modified RNAs didnt improve immunity against melanoma compared to unvaccinated, healthy mice (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Effect of anti-cancer vaccines containing either modified or unmodified RNAs on tumor growth. This graph represents melanoma growth in mice that are unvaccinated, or vaccinated with modified or unmodified mRNA. Modified RNA containing N1-methyl-pseudouridine is indicated by 100% m1. Grey line: Mice vaccinated with unmodified RNA. Blue line: mice vaccinated with modified mRNAs. Red, orange and green lines: mice that havent been vaccinated. Source: Sittplangkoon et al[3].
Its important to emphasize that mice vaccinated with modified RNAs didnt fare worse than unvaccinated mice. So, the presence of N1-methyl-pseudouridine didnt hamper the mices immunity against cancer; it just didnt improve anti-cancer immunity.
In summary, the results of Sittplangkoon et al. suggest that anti-cancer vaccines would be more effective if they didnt contain modified RNAs. But they didnt show that the N1-methyl-pseudouridine contained in modified mRNA was detrimental to anti-cancer immunity of our body. In the absence of such a finding, the claim by Rubio-Casillas et al. is unsubstantiated and misrepresents the original study by Sittplangkoon et al. We reached out to the authors of Rubio-Casillas et al. to know if they took into consideration the results from Sittplangkoon et al. that we presented here and will update this review if new information becomes available.
In conclusion, Rubio-Casillas et al. offered no new data to support the claim that COVID-19 vaccines cause cancer or favor cancer development. This claim strongly relies on a study by Sittplangkoon et al. that was unrelated to COVID-19 vaccines and didnt show what Rubio-Casillas et al. claimed it did.
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A University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)study late last week in JAMA Network Open finds that, despite less access to healthcare, undocumented Latino workers who visited the emergency department (ED) received COVID-19 vaccines at the same rate as US citizens.
The researchers interviewed a sample of adult non-Latino patients, legal Latino residents or citizens, and undocumented Latino patients at two California healthcare centers from September 2021 to March 2022.
The median age of the 306 participants was 51 years, 48% were women, 68% were Latino, 14% were White, 11% were Black, and 7% were of other race. Of undocumented Latinos, 25% were uninsured, and 30% usually visited the ED for healthcare.
Among all participants, 87% said they had received one or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine, and 13% reported declining the vaccine. Concern about potential adverse effects of the vaccine was the most common reason (37%) for not getting vaccinated.
Undocumented Latino workers were much more likely to report a previous COVID-19 infection than non-Latinos and legal Latino residents.
Relative to undocumented Latinos, non-Latino patients were much less likely to believe that undocumented workers could receive the COVID-19 vaccine in the United States (odds ratio [OR], 0.09). Thirteen percent of interviewees said they knew undocumented people who didn't get vaccinated because they worried about deportation. Of those who had declined the vaccine, 22% said they were interested in receiving a dose in the ED.
Undocumented Latino workers were much more likely to report a previous COVID-19 infection than non-Latinos (OR, 3.42) and legal Latino residents (OR, 2.73).
"We would have expected Latinx patients to have lower rates of vaccination, considering higher rates of infection, hospitalizations, and death," lead author Jesus Torres, MD, MPH, said in a UCLAnews release. Torres noted that EDs are one of the main healthcare access points for undocumented workers, who make up about 3% of the US population but are not often included in research.
From a public health perspective, he added, it's important to identify disadvantaged groups for research, policy work, resource allocation, and targeted vaccine campaigns.
Mapangano Jeremiah, a truck driver from Nkope in Mangochi, crisscrosses the borders of Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and South Africa as part of his work. Recently, he received his third Covid-19 vaccine during the recent nationwide vaccination campaign supported by the WHO in February 2024. Having experienced the devastating effects of the Covid-19 pandemic firsthand, Mapangano reflects on the loss of many friends and the profound impact it had on his life.
"It's hard to believe how quickly people succumbed to the virus," Mapangano says. "It felt like they went on a vacation from which they'd never return. They are the true faces of Covid and its devastation. As someone who travels between countries, I've seen the severity of the situation. Even countries with better health systems like South Africa struggled to contain it. I never want to go through that again, which is why I take the Covid vaccine seriously."
Mapangano emphasizes the importance of making Covid-19 vaccines accessible to all. "During those dark times, people resorted to all sorts of remedies out of panic. But now, we have vaccines readily available that offer protection against the disease. If everyone gets vaccinated, we can stop the spread and eventually eliminate the disease altogether."
He commends the WHO and government for implementing integrated routine vaccination, which ensures vaccine availability on demand, especially for women visiting under-five or antenatal clinics. This approach not only provides vaccines but also serves as a platform for dispelling myths and misconceptions about vaccination within communities.
Despite his commitment to vaccination, Mapangano's wife remains hesitant to get vaccinated. He respects her decision but encourages women, especially mothers, to prioritize vaccination for the sake of their children. Recognizing the importance of good health, Mapangano advocates for vaccination among his peers and community members, aiming to dispel misconceptions and promote the importance of vaccination.
Martin Mkandawire, a Health Surveillance Officer in Nkope, highlights the positive shift in attitudes towards vaccination since its introduction in the community. Initially met with skepticism and fear, vaccination became widely accepted as people witnessed its effectiveness in preventing severe illness and death.
As a result of extensive vaccination campaigns such as door to door vaccinations, vaccinate my village and integration of Covid-19 vaccination into routine programs, the burden of unvaccinated populations has significantly decreased by 56% from 10,469,349 to 4,571,360 across ten implementing districts. Vaccine uptake among high-risk groups, including persons with comorbidities, refugees, and the elderly, has seen notable increases, from 27% in 2022 to 48% as at December 2023, bolstering immunity and protecting the most vulnerable against severe Covid-19 disease.
The World Health Organization (WHO) Technical Advisory Group on COVID-19 Vaccine Composition, which meets about every 6 months to assess if any changes are needed, has recommended that the next COVID vaccine formulations use a monovalent (single-strain) JN.1 lineage.
The group met in the middle of April to review the genetic and antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, with an eye toward vaccine composition implications.
In a statement, the experts note that the XBB lineage has been displaced by JN.1 and said that, over the short-term, circulating variants will likely be derived from JN.1.
A year ago, the group recommended a switch to XBB.1.5 for COVID vaccines, but evidence from animal studies and human sera experiments suggests that XBB.1.5 and JN.1 are antigenically distinct. Animal studies and tests on human blood following exposure to XBB.1.5 from vaccination or infection suggest that neutralization titers against JN.1are two to five times lower than titers against the XBB.1.5 vaccine antigen.
"There are further reductions in cross neutralization of JN.1 variants with F456L and/or R346T substitutions," the advisory group said. The two substitutions have been nicknamedFLiRT (FforLat position 456 andRforTat position 346), and virologists had seen them crop up in earlier SARS-CoV-2 variants.
In the United States, for example, a JN.1 spinoff called KP.2 that contains the FLiRT substitutions edged out the JN.1 parent virus as the most commonly detected variant, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in its latest variant proportion estimates.
The WHO experts said the few studies that estimate relative vaccine effectiveness (VE) for the XBB.1.5 vaccine during JN.1 circulation suggest some protection during the first 3 months after vaccination, but with a slight reduction in VE against JN.1 for protection against severe and symptomatic disease, similar to what neutralization antibody titer studies found. They added, however, that the ability for XBB.1.5 vaccination to protect against symptomatic disease may be less robust as SARS-CoV-2 evolution continues from JN.1.
Meanwhile, a single immunogenicity study in humans of a candidate monovalent JN.1 vaccine suggests that it produces higher neutralization antibodies against co-circulating JN.1 variants such as KP.2 than does the XBB.1.5 vaccine.
The advisers acknowledged several limitations of their analysis, including gaps in genetic surveillance, low numbers of viruses sequenced, and the difficulty of predicting public health impacts of mutations seen with the more recent JN.1 variants.
They urged countries to continue to use any COVID vaccines that are emergency listed or prequalified by the WHO and emphasized that COVID vaccination shouldn't be delayed while waiting for updated versions.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) will meet on May 16 to discuss and make strain-selection recommendations for 2024-25 COVID vaccines.
The meeting is available online, and the group said it will post the background materials its members will use during the deliberations on its website at least 2 days before the meeting.
The USAID MOMENTUM Routine Immunization Transformation and Equity project (the project) was designed to mitigate entrenched obstacles to high equitable coverage of routine immunization (RI). After COVID-19 vaccines were introduced in response to the pandemic, the project worked in 18 countries to support national and subnational governments in their extraordinary efforts to vaccinate large and diverse groups of high-priority populations in record time. The project directly supported the administration of over 21 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines and made significant contributions to a range of technical areas.
The urgency to vaccinate, coupled with huge global investments, drove innovations and adaptations to old approaches and elevated immunization practices that had received insufficient attention. For the 50th anniversary of the World Health Organizations Expanded Program on Immunization, with attention refocused on RI, the project is applying six insights from COVID-19 vaccination to achieve the global goal of equitable access to life-saving vaccines for every child.
The rapid pace of vaccine development and roll-out gave rise to myths about the vaccine and its side effects. For those who sought vaccination services, geographic, logistic, and other barriers limited many peoples ability to get vaccinated. Despite obstacles, the project increased acceptance and uptake by listening to community voices when planning, promoting, and providing vaccination.
In India, it worked with local civil society organizations (CSOs) that used boats to bring COVID-19 vaccines to fisherfolk in the Brahmaputra Islands. Recognizing that older adults with limited digital literacy were unable to register for vaccination via mobile phones, local CSOs also offered on-site registration assistance. Under community leaders advice, the project created radio broadcasts and print materials in 12 languages to reach tribal and remote populations.
In Mozambique, caregivers cited poor treatment and communication at health facilities as major barriers to RI schedule completion. In response, the project designed interventionsincluding training health providers in interpersonal communication; facilitating coordination between health care providers and community counterparts; and introducing quality of care scorecardsthat improved health care provider and client interactions.
COVID-19 immunization required new strategies to reach people who were not previously the focus of vaccination services. To increase uptake, the project doubled its efforts to make vaccines accessible to priority populations in high-traffic locations and at expanded times. In Kenya, motorcycle drivers did not want to interrupt work to get vaccinated, so the project coordinated with local health authorities to offer COVID-19 vaccination at locations where drivers wait for customers, which enabled it to vaccinate both drivers and their riders. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the project set up COVID-19 vaccination sites at markets so passersby could get vaccinated without going out of their way, and later established similar sites to provide childhood immunization at markets. The project is working in urban health centers in Lagos, Nigeria to institutionalize weekend immunization services to accommodate caregivers who cannot bring children to facilities during weekday morning sessions.
UK pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca has acknowledged that its Covid-19 vaccine can lead to a rare side effect known as Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS). This admission comes as the company faces a lawsuit alleging severe harm and deaths caused by the vaccine, according to The Telegraph.
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AstraZeneca, which collaborated with the University of Oxford to develop the vaccine, is currently embroiled in legal proceedings initiated by victims and their families. One such case involves Jamie Scott, a father of two, who took legal action after suffering a blood clot that left him unable to work. Scott claims that following his vaccination in April 2021, he developed a "blood clot and a bleed on his brain," resulting in a lasting brain injury.
Kate, Scott's wife, stated, "The medical world has acknowledged for a long time that vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) was caused by the vaccine." However, AstraZeneca informed Scott's lawyers in May 2023 that they do not acknowledge TTS as being induced by the vaccine on a general level.
Kate has demanded an apology and fair compensation for their family and other affected families, emphasizing that it took three years for the admission. She stated, "We have the truth on our side, and we are not going to give up."
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What is TTS (Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome)?
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Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel, which can impede blood flow. Thrombocytopenia is a condition where there is a low count of platelets in the blood. Platelets play a crucial role in clotting, which helps prevent excessive bleeding.
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Fifty-one cases have been filed in the High Court, with victims and their families seeking damages exceeding 100 million. AstraZeneca expressed sympathy for those who lost loved ones or reported health problems. It emphasized that patient safety is its top priority, and regulatory authorities have strict standards to ensure the safe use of all medicines, including vaccines.
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For the first time since its COVID-19 vaccine was rolled out, AstraZeneca has admitted that it can cause a rare side effect. In legal documents submitted to the United Kingdom High Court, the pharmaceutical giant accepted that its COVID-19 vaccine "can, in very rare cases, cause TTS".
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Here, TTS stands for Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, which can cause people to have blood clots and a low blood platelet count.
The admittance, as per the Telegraph, could pave the way for a multi-million-pound legal payout.
AstraZeneca is facing class action suits over claims that its COVID-19 vaccine, developed in conjunction with Oxford, caused serious injury or death in dozens of cases.
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The first case against the company was lodged by Jamie Scott, father of two, who was 44 when he received the vaccine. Ten days after the jab, Scott complained of tiredness and started vomiting. Soon after, his speech got impaired, and he had to be taken to the hospital, where physicians diagnosed him with a suspected case of Vaccine-induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT).
He survived the ordeal but was left with a permanent brain injury.
Alongside Scott, 51 cases have been lodged against the company, with victims and grieving relatives seeking damages estimated to be worth up to 100 million ($125.36 million).
Lawyers for the pharma giant, however, in a letter of response sent in May last year contended "we do not accept that TTS is caused by the vaccine at a generic level".
However, in the document submitted in February this year, AstraZeneca said, "It is admitted that the AZ vaccine can, in very rare cases, cause TTS. The causal mechanism is not known."
"Further, TTS can also occur in the absence of the AZ vaccine (or any vaccine). Causation in any individual case will be a matter for expert evidence."
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However, lawyers for the victims argue that AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine is "defective" and that its efficacy has been "vastly overstated". AstraZeneca has strongly denied these claims.
Jamie Scott's wife, in a statement to The Telegraph, said, "The medical world has acknowledged for a long time that VITT was caused by the vaccine. It's only AstraZeneca who have questioned whether Jamies condition was caused by the jab."
She said while it has "taken three years for this admission to comeit is progress".
"But we would like to see more from them and the Government. It's time for things to move more quickly," she added.
"I hope their admission means we will be able to sort this out sooner rather than later. We need an apology, fair compensation for our family and other families who have been affected. We have the truth on our side, and we are not going to give up."
(With inputs from agencies)
Pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca has admitted that its Covid-19 vaccine can cause a rare side effect known as Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome' (TTS), according to a report by the London-based newspaper The Telegraph. The admission was made in court documents for the first time since rolling out of the vaccine.
The pharmaceutical company, which developed the vaccine in partnership with the University of Oxford, is facing a class-action lawsuit alleging that their vaccine has resulted in fatalities and serious injuries among recipients.
Jamie Scott, a father of two, had filed a lawsuit last year after he developed a blood clot rendering him unable to work, The Telegraph report said. He had reportedly suffered a permanent brain injury after receiving the vaccine in April 2021.
According to the report, fifty-one cases have been lodged in the High Court, with victims and grieving relatives seeking damages estimated to be worth up to 100 million.
The company had in May 2023 told Scott's lawyers that they do not accept that TTS is caused by the vaccine at a generic level".
However, in the legal document submitted to the High Court in February, AstraZeneca said," It is admitted that the AZ vaccine can, in very rare cases, cause TTS. The causal mechanism is not known."
Speaking to The Telegraph Scotts wife Kate said, The medical world has acknowledged for a long time that vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) was caused by the vaccine."
Stating that it has taken three years for the admission, Kate has demanded an apology, fair compensation for their family and other families who have been affected.
"We have the truth on our side, and we are not going to give up."
AstraZeneca had also partnered with Serum Institute of India (SII), the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, for the supply of the vaccine to the Indian Government.
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Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has emerged as a rare but serious condition associated with the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. Characterized by blood clots combined with a low platelet count, TTS has caught the attention of the medical community and the public due to its potential severity.
TTS is a condition that causes blood clots (thrombosis) to form in unusual places in the body, along with low levels of platelets (thrombocytopenia) in the blood. Platelets are cells that help the blood to clot.
TTS involves the formation of unusual blood clots along with thrombocytopenia, where the bodys platelet levels are lower than normal. Platelets are essential for blood clotting, and their reduction can lead to bleeding risks or, paradoxically, to clotting in unusual areas such as the brain or abdomen. The syndrome is particularly alarming because it can lead to significant health complications, including long-term disability and death.
While the exact mechanism by which the AstraZeneca vaccine may trigger TTS is not fully understood, researchers believe it may involve an immune response that activates platelets, leading to clot formation. This condition resembles heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), where treatment with the blood thinner heparin triggers an adverse immune response.
Symptoms of TTS can vary but typically occur within one to three weeks post-vaccination.
Here are some of the signs and symptoms of TTS:
If you experience any of these symptoms after receiving the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, you should seek medical attention immediately.
Regulatory bodies worldwide have reviewed the safety of the AstraZeneca vaccine, with many concluding that the benefits outweigh the risks. Health authorities have issued guidelines to monitor and manage potential cases of TTS, ensuring that healthcare providers are prepared to detect and treat the condition promptly.
While the news of TTS has led to concern, it is important to understand the rarity of this condition in the context of the global vaccination effort. The AstraZeneca vaccine continues to be a key tool in combating the pandemic, credited with saving millions of lives. Ongoing research and surveillance are crucial to ensuring the vaccines continued safe use and in understanding and mitigating any risks associated with vaccination.
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