By American Chemical SocietyJuly 23, 2020
With the global pandemic still in full swing, scientists are working to develop a vaccine in record time. While everyone wants an effective vaccine, they dont all agree on how to get there and what effective really means. Chemical & Engineering News, the weekly newsmagazine of the American Chemical Society, spoke with researchers, doctors and business leaders to shed light on some of the challenges vaccine developers are facing.
As of mid-July, the World Health Organization reported that over 160 vaccine programs were in progress, an unprecedented effort toward a common goal, writes Associate Editor Ryan Cross. Although traditional vaccines are made with weakened or killed virus, many modern vaccines use part of the virus itself to teach immune cells what to home in on. For SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, that part is the spike protein, which the virus uses to attach itself to human cells. Both types of methods can be time-consuming, and traditional approaches are potentially dangerous because companies need to grow large amounts of virus. This has caused some scientists to turn to experimental gene-based vaccines. Researchers put the genetic code for the spike protein into harmless viruses that act as vessels, or simply use DNA or RNA to deliver the genetic information to human cells. Human cells would use these instructions to make the spike protein, which would trigger an immune response. These types of vaccines are very fast for scientists to design and make, but the technology is largely unproven, and it remains to be seen whether these kinds of vaccines are effective. Furthermore, there are many different modifications that scientists can make to the spike protein, which could change how our immune systems respond to the real virus.
Vaccine makers are focusing on the ability of candidates to produce high levels of neutralizing antibodies that would prevent the virus from entering cells. But this area of vaccine research also faces challenges. For example, the methods for quantifying the antibody response in the laboratory are not ideal. In addition, its unclear just how much neutralization is good enough and for how long the effect would last. If antibody levels arent high enough, a person might only be left with partial immunity, which could prevent severe symptoms but still leave them with the ability to infect others. And what works in one person might not work well in another. Questions about safety still loom, and experts warn that moving too fast with an unsafe vaccine could shake public confidence. In the end, vaccine developers note that no single company can do this alone, and several types of vaccines will likely be needed.
The article, What Will it Take to Make an Effective Vaccine for COVID-19? is freely available here.
A health worker puts a nasal swab sample into a tube in a tent at a COVID-19 testing site at St. John's Well Child and Family Center in Los Angeles. Valerie Macon/AFP via Getty Images hide caption
A health worker puts a nasal swab sample into a tube in a tent at a COVID-19 testing site at St. John's Well Child and Family Center in Los Angeles.
For the fifth consecutive day, there were more than 1,000 deaths from the coronavirus in the United States and infections haven't shown signs of significantly slowing, according to the COVID Tracking Project. More than 145,000 people in the country have died from the virus and more than 4,000,000 people have been infected, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
New daily cases are increasing in 46 states. Among them are California, which reported its highest number of single-day deaths on Thursday. In Indiana there were 934 new cases and 11 deaths on Saturday and Montana reported its highest daily number of cases on Saturday with 224 new cases.
Louisiana reported more than 2,000 new cases, 29 deaths and 15 hospitalizations on Friday alone, NOLA reported. In total, there are more than 103,000 cases and 3,600 deaths in the state, according to the Louisiana Department of Health. In response to the increase, Gov. John Bel Edwards extended phase two of the state's reopening for another 28 days.
"It is clear that COVID is alive and well in Louisiana, and as we see more people testing positive and admitted to hospitals, we simply are not ready to move to the next phase, and ease restrictions further as businesses open widely," Edwards said in a statement.
Mississippi, another state experiencing an uptick of cases, imposed a mask mandate on multiple additional counties, on top of the original 13 counties that already had mask mandates, this week. On Saturday, the state saw 1,434 new cases and 17 new deaths. In total, the state has more than 49,000 cases and 1,400 deaths.
"We are still in the middle of our most painful period of COVID-19 spread to date," Mississippi Gov. Tate Reeves said Friday, according to the Sun Herald. "We have to slow the spread to prevent our health care system from becoming overwhelmed."
Over the past 24 hours, there have been nearly 2,000 additional cases in Alabama. Currently, there are more than 76,000 cases in the state and 1,400 deaths, according to the Alabama Department of Public Health.
According to the Las Vegas Review Journal, Nevada just had its deadliest week from the virus. In total, there have been 41,816 cases and 732 deaths in the state, according to the Nevada Department of Health and Human Services.
Arizona reported more than 3,700 new COVID-19 cases and 144 more deaths on Saturday. On average, the state has seen some decline in the number of cases since spikes in June and early July.
Hurricane Hanna is the first hurricane of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. NASA/NRL hide caption
Hurricane Hanna is the first hurricane of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season.
Updated at 5:15 a.m. ET Sunday
South Texas is braced for flooding after Hurricane Hanna began battering the state. The first hurricane of the season made landfall twice Saturday as a Category 1 storm.
The first landfall happened at around 5 p.m. about 15 miles north of Port Mansfield, which is about 130 miles south of Corpus Christi, according to the National Weather service. The second landfall took place nearby in eastern Kenedy County. The storm arrived with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph.
Forecasters early Sunday downgraded Hanna to a tropical storm. But Chris Birchfield, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Brownsville, told The Associated Press that residents needed to remain alert. Hanna's winds weakened, but the storm's real threat remained heavy rainfall.
"We're not even close to over at this point," Birchfield added. "We're still expecting catastrophic flooding."
The storm is expected to bring heavy rainfall to Texas' southern coast with the potential for "life-threatening flash flooding," according to the National Weather Service.
The center warned of storm surges as high as 5 feet along Texas' southern coast and said the upper coasts of Texas and Louisiana could expect 3-5 inches of rain. Isolated tornadoes could also appear.
Texas Gov. Greg Abbott said earlier in the week that the Texas Division of Emergency Management was preparing teams to help communities affected by the storm. He urged residents in the region to avoid roads that flood and listen to local warnings.
On Saturday, prior to the storm making landfall, Abbott issued a disaster declaration and said he had requested an emergency declaration from President Trump and FEMA.
"As Hurricane Hanna approaches, the Lone Star State is taking swift action to support the communities in the path of the storm," Abbott said. "We are closely monitoring the situation and working with local officials to help ensure they have the resources they need to keep Texans safe. I urge Texans in the region to take all necessary precautions and follow the guidance of local officials. I ask our fellow Texans to keep these communities in their prayers as they brace for this storm."
The city of Corpus Christi in Nueces County, which is already dealing with a spike in confirmed coronavirus cases, was among the communities bracing on Saturday for Hanna's arrival. On Friday, Nueces County reported 175 new cases of the coronavirus and five deaths. Of the county's 129 COVID-19 deaths, 119 of them have come in July, according to the Corpus Christi Caller-Times.
Ahead of the storm's landfall, the city closed at least one drive-through testing site through Tuesday, according to The Texas Tribune.
As Hurricane Hanna approaches, Corpus Christi Mayor Joe McComb said he felt certain that the region is prepared to handle both the storm and the pandemic.
"Don't feel like since we've been fighting COVID for five months that we're out of energy or we're out of gas. We're not. We can do these two things together and we're going to win both of them. And so, we'll get through this," McComb told The Associated Press.
But McComb's comments also reflected the realities of the pandemic as he urged residents to take masks with them if they have to evacuate and stay with others.
"We don't want to expose anyone during this storm. ... Even when you're in the house, I recommend wearing a mask if you're in crowded conditions" McComb told The Texas Tribune.
To the south of Corpus Christi in Cameron County, Judge Eddie Trevio told the AP that if families are evacuated to shelters, there are plans in place to make sure they are socially distanced from one another.
As the storm continues to make its path in south Texas, two other storms are being watched closely. Hurricane Douglas is in the Pacific and is expected to either pass nearby or over the main Hawaiian islands sometime Sunday. The National Hurricane Center warned of a "triple threat of hazards," including heavy rainfall and flooding, damaging winds and dangerously high surf.
Farther to the east and south of the Gulf of Mexico, Tropical Storm Gonzalo was downgraded to a depression Saturday afternoon. The system brought gusty wind to the southern Windward Islands on Saturday morning. The National Hurricane Center also warned of heavy rainfall with the potential for "life-threatening flash flooding" in the area.
Earlier this year, forecasters from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted an above-average hurricane season with at least three to six major hurricanes in 2020.
TheWest Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) reports as of 10:00 a.m., on July 25,2020, there have been 255,089 total confirmatory laboratory results receivedfor COVID-19, with 5,772 total cases and 103 deaths.
In alignment with updated definitions fromthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the dashboard includes probablecases which are individuals that have symptoms and either serologic (antibody)or epidemiologic (e.g., a link to a confirmed case) evidence of disease, but noconfirmatory test.
CASESPER COUNTY (Case confirmed by lab test/Probable case):Barbour (28/0), Berkeley (589/19), Boone (69/0), Braxton (7/0), Brooke(45/1), Cabell (258/9), Calhoun (5/0), Clay (17/0), Fayette (112/0), Gilmer(14/0), Grant (38/1), Greenbrier (81/0), Hampshire (55/0), Hancock (81/4),Hardy (49/1), Harrison (154/1), Jackson (153/0), Jefferson (274/5), Kanawha (648/12),Lewis (24/1), Lincoln (44/2), Logan (72/0), Marion (149/4), Marshall (94/1),Mason (40/0), McDowell (13/1), Mercer (81/0), Mineral (89/2), Mingo (81/2),Monongalia (799/15), Monroe (18/1), Morgan (24/1), Nicholas (22/1), Ohio(227/0), Pendleton (27/1), Pleasants (6/1), Pocahontas (39/1), Preston (95/22),Putnam (135/1), Raleigh (121/4), Randolph (201/4), Ritchie (3/0), Roane (14/0),Summers (4/0), Taylor (39/1), Tucker (8/0), Tyler (11/0), Upshur (33/2), Wayne(173/2), Webster (3/0), Wetzel (41/0), Wirt (6/0), Wood (211/10), Wyoming(15/0).
As case surveillance continues at thelocal health department level, it may reveal that those tested in a certaincounty may not be a resident of that county, or even the state as an individualin question may have crossed the state border to be tested.Such is thecase of Braxton County in this report.
Pleasenote that delays may be experienced with the reporting of information from thelocal health department to DHHR.
Please visit thedashboard at www.coronavirus.wv.gov for more detailed information.
Need to stay updated on coronavirus news in Texas? Our evening roundup will help you stay on top of the day's latest updates. Sign up here.
Elisa Soliz lost her sister to the new coronavirus in late May and says at least nine other family members have tested positive. The 63-year-old school bus driver lives in Hidalgo County in the Rio Grande Valley an area thats been devastated by the pandemic.
In the weekend edition of The Brief podcast, listen to why Soliz says shell retire before subjecting herself to a busload of kids, many of whom lack access to health care.
Start your day with a quick take on the latest Texas politics and policy news. Subscribe on iTunes, Google Play, Spotify, Amazon Echo, or RSS.
On January 8th, I asked The Verges science team to keep an eye on early reports of a new virus that had recently emerged in China. When I dropped an article about that new virus from The Washington Post in Slack, someone joked that 2020 was off to a strong start, clearly jinxing the entire year for the rest of humanity. Whoops.
Jokes aside, this past decade, year, six and a half months has featured a disturbing flood of terrible, horrible, no good, very bad news. More than half a year in and not only do we still not know when this will all end, were also seeing a tsunami of new cases in the US and record-high hospitalizations.
Theres so much we still dont know, but we do know that this is going to keep going for a long, long time. Weve got to pace ourselves if were going to make it. Thats why were starting with a weekly format for this column instead of bombarding you with a daily dose of news. Hopefully we can give you some context for the big headlines and help you keep track of our collective scientific progress as we stumble our way toward the future. Its still an experiment, but these are a few things well keep an eye on:
We might also throw in a bit of non-coronavirus news just to remind you that there are other things going on in the world. Lets get started.
Immunology experts have also been cautious, and so have other pharmaceutical executives. I think when people tell the public that theres going to be a vaccine by the end of 2020, they do a grave disservice to the public, Merck CEO Kenneth Frazier said in an interview hosted by Harvard Business School last week. I think at the end of the day, we dont want to rush the vaccine before weve done rigorous science.
Want to help researchers find a vaccine? The National Institutes of Health (NIH) created a new network called the COVID-19 Prevention Trials Network (COVPN) that will help connect volunteers with some of the large clinical trials that are needed to test potential coronavirus vaccines.
Each of the Phase 3 clinical trials that the COVPN will conduct will require thousands of volunteers, NIH director Francis Collins said in a statement. Community engagement, particularly with the communities most vulnerable to COVID-19s severe outcomes, will be critical to the success of this research endeavor.
If you want to volunteer, youll be asked to complete a short survey of personal questions, including where you live. If youre a good candidate for one of the many studies going on across the country, a researcher will reach out to you and give you more information on the study. You can then decide whether you want to participate.
Lopez drives to his fourth stop of the day, a body in the back, a cigarette in his hand. Hes reflecting on the virus and how the calls to pick up bodies started coming all of a sudden, one after the other. He takes his job personally. It could be one of my family members, it could be a friend of mine.
Shannon Najmabadi and Miguel Gutierrez Jr. report for The Texas Tribune on what its like to be one of last responders in the Rio Grande Valley, where deaths and case numbers remain high.
To the more than 15,762,392 people worldwide who have tested positive, may your road to recovery be smooth.
To the families and friends of the 640,278 people who have died worldwide 145,556 of those in the US your loved ones are not forgotten.
Stay safe, everyone.
Robert and Janice Beecham have been married for 46 years, and this year they are happy to be recovering after a spring full of turmoil.
"It's a blessing to be here because a lot of people didn't make it," Janice told CNN.
Robert Beecham said he and Janice had been following the safety rules but he started to feel symptoms of Covid-19. A week and a half later he still wasn't feeling well so the couple got tested for the virus.
The next day, on March 25, he called his son and agreed to be taken to the hospital.
"He knew me agreeing without a fight meant that I was feeling pretty terrible," he said.
His anniversary was a motive to get home
Robert was admitted to Parkland Hospital in Dallas alone, and found out the next day that he was COVID-19 positive. He was moved to another floor and started his road to recovery, a feat he attributes to his doctor, Satyam Nayak.
"Dr. Nayak and I would open up casual conversations and it would take my mind off the virus," he said.
Robert told the doctor about having two strokes, one in 2012 and 2016, and missing out on an anniversary. He found himself in the same situation this year, so Nayak decided to use that as motivation to get him home.
Nayak came up with a plan where Robert could go home and get the care he needed from his wife. He made it home in time for their April 15 anniversary.
Janice has a positive test of her own
Meanwhile, Janice had just recovered from having surgery in February after finding out about a second battle with breast cancer and a new diagnosis with ovarian cancer. She also tested positive for COVID-19, but luckily, she told CNN, her symptoms were mild.
"Once I got home, and we did the quarantine, I was getting progressively better but Janice still had issues with her health," Robert said.
"We're best friends, it was just tough," Robert told CNN.
Because of her diagnosis, Janice had not yet started the chemo treatments required for her cancer diagnoses.
Now, after surviving two surgeries, two coronavirus diagnoses, chemo and being declared cancer free, the Beechams only have one thing to say.
"It would have been impossible to make it with all the odds against you without God, and he has been our help, all these many years," Robert said.
Janice still has preventative radiation coming up, but the two said they are blessed to be alive and blessed to have celebrated another year together.
TheWest Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) reports as of 5:00 p.m., on July 24,2020, there have been 253,040 total confirmatory laboratory results receivedfor COVID-19, with 5,695 total cases and 103 deaths.
In alignment with updated definitions fromthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the dashboard includes probablecases which are individuals that have symptoms and either serologic (antibody)or epidemiologic (e.g., a link to a confirmed case) evidence of disease, but noconfirmatory test.
CASESPER COUNTY (Case confirmed by lab test/Probable case):Barbour (28/0), Berkeley (585/19), Boone (69/0), Braxton (8/0), Brooke(42/1), Cabell (248/9), Calhoun (5/0), Clay (17/0), Fayette (111/0), Gilmer(14/0), Grant (37/1), Greenbrier (81/0), Hampshire (55/0), Hancock (80/4),Hardy (49/1), Harrison (152/1), Jackson (153/0), Jefferson (273/5), Kanawha (641/12),Lewis (24/1), Lincoln (36/2), Logan (66/0), Marion (148/4), Marshall (94/1),Mason (38/0), McDowell (13/1), Mercer (79/0), Mineral (87/2), Mingo (79/2),Monongalia (797/15), Monroe (17/1), Morgan (24/1), Nicholas (22/1), Ohio(217/0), Pendleton (27/1), Pleasants (6/1), Pocahontas (39/1), Preston (94/21),Putnam (132/1), Raleigh (119/4), Randolph (201/4), Ritchie (3/0), Roane (12/0),Summers (4/0), Taylor (37/1), Tucker (8/0), Tyler (11/0), Upshur (33/2), Wayne(173/2), Webster (3/0), Wetzel (41/0), Wirt (6/0), Wood (209/11), Wyoming(15/0).
As case surveillance continues at thelocal health department level, it may reveal that those tested in a certaincounty may not be a resident of that county, or even the state as an individualin question may have crossed the state border to be tested.Such is thecase of Greenbrier, Lincoln, Monroe and Upshur counties in this report.
Pleasenote that delays may be experienced with the reporting of information from thelocal health department to DHHR.
Please visit thedashboard at www.coronavirus.wv.gov for more detailed information.
Additional report:
To increase COVID-19 testing opportunities, the Governor's Office,the Herbert Henderson Office of Minority Affairs, WV Department of Health andHuman Resources, WV National Guard, local health departments, and communitypartners today provided free COVID-19 testing for residents in counties withhigh minority populations and evidence of COVID-19 transmission.
Todays testing resulted in 250 individuals tested in BrookeCounty. Please note these are considered preliminary numbers.
Testing will be held tomorrow in Brooke and Logan counties inthese locations.
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Instruction
As part of the planned return to on-campus operations, The Ohio State University will require all students, faculty and staff to complete an online training course and the Together As Buckeyes Pledge.
Executive Vice President and Provost Bruce A. McPheron and Dr. Hal Paz, executive vice president and chancellor for health affairs and CEO of the Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, used their weekly message to the campus community to detail the new requirements.
McPheron and Paz delivered the joint message on July 24.
Dear Ohio State Community:
Good afternoon. This week, we are sharing with you several important updates. As we continue to plan for a return to on-campus operations in the autumn, Ohio State will require that all students, faculty and staff complete an online training course and the Together As Buckeyes Pledge. We are also sharing accountability measures for failure to take the training and sign the pledge, and for anyone who chooses not to abide by required health and safety guidelines.
These steps, shared at University Senate, are part of a larger picture of mandatory safe and healthy measures, including wearing a mask, practicing physical distancing and ensuring good hygiene. We want to be clear: Our return to on-campus operations in the autumn is fully dependent on each member of the university community following all requirements and guidance. If we fail to collectively maintain this culture of caring for ourselves and each other, we will not be able to be together on our campuses doing the things we love including teaching, learning, researching, playing sports and keeping active, and cheering on our student-athletes.
In the fight against the spread of COVID-19, we are Together As Buckeyes.
Online training course and Together as Buckeyes Pledge
All students, faculty and staff must complete an online training course and the Together As Buckeyes Pledge. The pledge acknowledges an understanding of and commitment to the behaviors described in the training. It is not a legal waiver.
The 10-minute training will be assigned in the coming weeks to BuckeyeLearn transcripts and the pledge will be signed upon completion of the course. We will alert the entire community when it is available. Accommodations will be made for those without access to a computer to complete the training.
Completing the training and signing the pledge are mandatory for all students, faculty and staff before returning to Ohio States campuses. Those who have already been working on a campus should take the online training and sign the pledge as soon as possible. For those not physically returning to a campus, the training and pledge need to be completed by the start of autumn semester on Aug. 25.
The training course will cover expectations for daily health checks, personal protection such as face masks, hygiene, staying informed and more.
Accountability measures
While we expect everyone to follow the guidance voluntarily, accountability measures will be in place for those who do not complete the training and sign the pledge, or choose not to abide by required health and safety guidelines. These accountability measures range from additional training and informal coaching to formal disciplinary action based on existing structures for students, faculty and staff. They are available on the Safe and Healthy Buckeyes website.
Please visit the website regularly for updates, including guidance related to our mask requirement for all students, faculty, staff, vendors, volunteers and visitors.
As a reminder, masks must be worn on Ohio States campuses when entering indoor or enclosed spaces. Masks also must be worn in outdoor spaces where individuals gather and cannot maintain physical distancing of at least 6 feet between each person. This is in alignment with state guidance for institutions of higher education and the recent mandate from the Ohio Governors Office.
Travel advisory
Ohio Governor Mike DeWine announced this week a new travel advisory, recommending that Ohioans self-quarantine for 14 days after returning from any state or territory with a COVID positivity rate greater than 15%. This list currently includes: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Mississippi, Nevada, South Carolina and Texas.
The university is reviewing this new advisory, and we will keep you informed on how these changes may impact Ohio States travel guidelines. We are also extending the university state of emergency through Saturday, Aug. 1, which enables us to utilize Disaster Leave (Policy 6.28).
Thank you for your continued commitment to each other and our universitys mission. Next week, July 27-31, we celebrate Faculty and Staff Appreciation Week, recognizing the many ways that you work each day to advance Ohio States mission. For virtual events and discounts available throughout the week, visit the Human Resources website.
Additionally, you can show your appreciation for a colleague or colleagues with personalized messages and virtual cards available at the Kindness at Ohio State website.
We remain Together As Buckeyes.
Sincerely,
Bruce A. McPheron, PhD
Executive Vice President and Provost
Harold L. Paz, MD, MS
Executive Vice President and Chancellor for Health Affairs CEO, Wexner Medical Center
COVID-19 Resources
Wellness Resources
