Tag: yearly-boosters

"Ask the Expert" articles provide information and insights from MSU scientists, researchers and scholars about national and global issues, complex research and general-interest subjects based on their areas of academic expertise and study. They may feature historical information, background, research findings, or offer tips.

Peter Gulick, a professor of medicine in the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine and an infectious disease expert,speaks about COVID-19 and the recent surge in cases. Gulick elaborates on the future of vaccines, masking and how to stay safe as more discoveries are made about the virus.

What is causing the current surge in cases? Cases were declining this time last year.

I believe the surge is because the omicron variant is much more infectious, even in those vaccinated. People at high risk are having a symptomatic response and those not at risk are having no symptoms or mild symptoms. There is less testing, so those with fewer symptoms or who are asymptomatic may be spreading the virus more, especially since masks are not worn as much.

Is the surge proving that masks need to be worn year-round?

I believe masks are needed in crowds, on airplanes and in airports, andin areas with poor ventilation.If you are outdoors, then masks arent needed, but indoors, especially with a lot of people,you need to wear a mask. I was in the gym working out and there were many people, yet I was the only one wearing a mask. All immunocompromised patients or patients older than 50 years of age should wear them more, rather than less, tostay safe.

Have new variants emerged?

The predominant variant is omicron B2, which is still treated with Paxlovid, an oral antiviral pill, if one is infected.The vaccines with the booster still give you protection. Beware though, because South Africas population is getting infected with omicron 4 and 5, which are more infectious and those may reach the U.S. soon.

Are most of the new cases omicron?

Yes, 100% of cases in the U.S. are omicron and the majority are the B2 variant.

How prevalent are reinfections?

Reinfections are more prevalent with omicron, even in those who are vaccinated, but they are only severe in those who are unvaccinated or immunocompromised. People are not testing as much, so it is hard to determine frequency unless they use wastewater testing in communities that appears accurate.

It was previously thought that COVID-19 cases declined in warm weather like the flu. Does the current surge prove this is not true?

Omicron appears year-round, especially with the new variants and the increased infectiousness, even more so than influenza. New strains are mainly upper respiratory, so symptoms include sore throat, congestion, headaches and achiness.

Will vaccines be subject to change as new variants emerge?

Yes, vaccines may change, and Moderna is looking to have a bivalent vaccine for omicron by fall, which would target both the original strain of the virus and the variant. Other companies are looking to develop a vaccine that may cover more variants.

Will yearly boosters be recommended?

I believe we will probably need yearly boosters, like we get for illnesses like influenza, and change them according to what variants are prevalent at the time.We still need more data on our immune system and memory cells to see the entire picture of how our immune system stores the information on variants of omicron either through natural infection, vaccine or both.

Are vaccines for children 5 and under coming soon?

Moderna is currently asking the Food and Drug Administration to authorize vaccines for children 6 months to 6 years.

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Ask the Expert: COVID and the recent surge in cases - MSUToday

The Army's COVID vaccine aims to protect against multiple viruses in one shot.

The highly contagious omicron variantand resultant huge spike in COVID-19 cases have many experts talking about yearly boosters or variant-specific vaccines. But what if there were a universal coronavirus vaccine that protected against omicron and all new COVID-19 variants? Several institutes and universities are researching "pan-coronavirus" vaccines, but it's the US Army who's made the biggest news so far with effective data in early trials.

In December, the US Army announced that its pan-coronavirus vaccine, the spike ferritin nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccine (aka SpFN) had completed Phase 1 of human trials with positive results. Dr. Kayvon Modjarrad, director of infectious diseases at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) and co-inventor of SpFN, toldDefense One, "We're testing our vaccine against all the different variants, including omicron," the straincausing breakthrough infectionseven in people who have received booster shots.

SpFN still needs to undergo Phase 2 and 3 human trials, though, to test its efficacy and safety in comparison to current treatments, Modjarrad said.

We'll share what we know about pan-coronavirus vaccines and the Army's COVID-19 vaccine, including how it works and when it could become available.

For more, learn about free at-home COVID tests, why you shouldn't "just get COVID over with," mixing and matching booster shots, and the difference between N95, KN95, and KF94 masks.

White House Chief Medical Adviser Dr. Anthony Fauci recently touted the importance of a universal vaccine to protect against all COVID variants. In aninterview with NBC, Fauci said a universal COVID vaccine "would mean that the initial vaccination would cover all of these little variants, so you wouldn't have to worry."

"We want a pan-coronavirus vaccine so that you have it on the shelf to respond to the next viral pandemic," Fauci said. "Ultimately, you want to get a vaccine that covers everything."

Fauci's organization, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, committed big to that goal in fall 2021, awarding $36.3 million to three academic organizations -- Duke University, University of Wisconsin, and Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital -- to develop and research pan-coronavirus vaccines. CalTech also has announced good early results for its universal "mosaic nanoparticle" vaccine.

The three COVID-19 vaccines authorized right now for use in the US take two approaches to preventing infection: The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use mRNA to build up immunity, while the Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a harmless rhinovirus to train the body's immune system to respond to COVID.

The Spike Ferritin Nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccine, or SpFN, takes a third approach, using a harmless portion of the COVID-19 virus to spur the body's defenses against COVID.

SpFN also has less restrictive storage and handling requirements than the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines, allowing it to be used in a wider variety of situations. It can be stored between 36 and 46 degrees Fahrenheit for up to six months and at room temperature for up to one month, according to military scientists. Pfizer's vaccine requires an ultracold freezer (between minus 112 and minus 76 degrees F) for shipment and storage and is onlystable for 31 days when stored in a refrigerator.

The Army's vaccine has been tested with two shots, 28 days apart, and also with a third shot after six months.

The vaccines from Moderna, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson all target the specific virus -- SARS-CoV-2 -- that causes COVID-19. But Army scientists designed their vaccine to protect against future strains of COVID as well as other coronaviruses.

The Army's SpFN vaccine is shaped like a soccer ball with 24 faces. Scientists can attach the spikes of multiple coronavirus strains to each of the different faces, allowing them to customize the vaccine for any new COVID variants that arise.

"The accelerating emergence of human coronaviruses throughout the past two decades and the rise of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including most recently omicron, underscore the continued need for next-generation preemptive vaccines that confer broad protection against coronavirus diseases," Modjarrad said in a December statement. "Our strategy has been to develop a 'pan-coronavirus' vaccine technology that could potentially offer safe, effective and durable protection against multiple coronavirus strains and species."

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No date has been set. SpFN successfully completed animal testing and wrapped Phase 1 of human trials in December, but it must still complete Phases 2 and 3 of human testing, when its safety and efficacy is compared to current vaccine options.

Normally, completing all three phases can take up to five years, but the urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic is speeding up the process. The Moderna, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson vaccines, for example, were tested, reviewed and authorized by the Food and Drug Administration over the course of one year.

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After data from the Phase 1 human trials is collected, analyzed and published, Phase 2 and 3 trials will begin. There is very little information so far on when or how those trials will proceed or if the phases will overlap.

To follow the progress of the Army vaccine trials, visit the SpFN COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker provided by the US Army Medical Research and Development Command.

For more on COVID-19, here's what we know about how the CDC defines being fully vaccinated, how to store your vaccine card on your phone, and what we still don't know about the virus after two years.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

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Army leads the race for a 'universal COVID vaccine' that could end coronavirus pandemics - CNET